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This is a list of Monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death.

They are grouped by the type of death and then ordered by the date of death. The monarchical status of some people is disputed, but they have been included here for the sake of completeness.

  • 2Killed

Natural causes[edit]

His father Edward 1 was a strong king, but Edward was not. He was weak He married Isabella of France, her brother Charles was King Charles of France. Isabella did her “duty”, gave birth to a son. Edward 11 needed a message to be sent to.

Those monarchs that are assumed to have died through natural causes (through disease).

NameHouseBornReignDeathNotes
Kenneth IHouse of Alpin (Scotland)after 800843–85813 February 858Tumour
Constantine IIHouse of Alpin (Scotland)before 879900–943952
EdredWest Saxons (England)c. 923946–95523 November 955
Edgar the PeaceableWest Saxons (England)c. 942959–9758 July 975
Ethelred the UnreadyWest Saxons (England)c. 968978–1013
1014–1016
23 April 1016
Edmund IronsideWest Saxons (England)c. 988/993101630 November 1016
Sweyn ForkbeardDanish Kings (England)???1013–10143 February 1014
Malcolm IIHouse of Alpin (Scotland)c. 9801005–103425 November 1034
CanuteDanish Kings (England)c. 9951016–103512 November 1035
Harold HarefootDanish Kings (England)c. 10151035–104017 March 1040
HarthacanuteDanish Kings (England)10181040–10428 June 1042
St Edward the ConfessorWest Saxon Restoration (England)c. 10041042–10664 January 1066
EdgarHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)10741097–11078 January 1107[1]
Alexander IHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)c. 10781107–112423 April 1124
Edgar the AthelingWest Saxon Restoration (England)c. 10511066c. 1126Proclaimed by surviving English nobles, clerics and magnates, but never crowned, as the Normans approached after Hastings.
Henry IThe Normans (England)c.10681100–11351 December 1135Died of food poisoning from eating 'a surfeit of lampreys'
David IHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)10841124–115324 May 1153
StephenHouse of Blois (England)10961135–115425 October 1154
Malcolm IVHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)c. 11411153–11659 December 1165His premature death may have been hastened by osteitis deformans.[2]
Matilda (Empress Maud)Angevins or Plantagenets (England)February 1101114110 September 1167
Henry IIAngevins or Plantagenets (England)5 March 11331154–11896 July 1189
William IHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)around 11421165–12144 December 1214Natural causes
John 'Lackland'Monarchs of England and Ireland (England)24 December c. 11661199–121618/19 October 1216Retreating from the French invasion, John crossed the marshy area known as The Wash in East Anglia and eventually succumbed to dysentery.
Alexander IIHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)24 August 11981214–12496 July 1249Died after suffering a fever at the Isle of Kerrera in the Inner Hebrides
Henry IIIMonarchs of England and Ireland (England)1 October 12071216–127216 November 1272
MargaretHouse of Fairhair (England)9 April 12831286–129026 November 1290
Edward I 'Longshanks'House of Plantagenet (England)16 November 12391272–13077 July 1307Dysentery (confirmed); cancer (possible)
JohnHouse of Balliol (Scotland)12481292–12961314Natural causes
Robert IHouse of Bruce (Scotland)11 July 12741306–13297 June 1329Suffered for some years from what some contemporary accounts describe as an 'unclean ailment'; the traditional story is that he died of leprosy, but this is disputed. Other suggestions include syphilis, psoriasis, and a series of strokes.
Edward BalliolHouse of Balliol (Scotland)c. 12821332–13361364Natural causes
David IIHouse of Bruce (Scotland)5 March 13241329–137122 February 1371Natural causes
Edward IIIMonarchs of England and Ireland (England)13 November 13121327–137721 June 1377Died of a stroke
Robert IIHouse of Stuart (Scotland)2 March 13161371–139019 April 1390
Robert IIIHouse of Stuart (Scotland)c. 13401390–14064 April 1406
Henry IVHouse of Lancaster (England)3 April 13671399–141320 March 1413Several years of ill health- some type of visible skin ailment. Leprosy is also rumoured to have been possible.
Henry VHouse of Lancaster (England)16 September 13871413–142231 August 1422Natural causes, probably dysentery
Edward IVHouse of York (England)28 April 14421461–1470
1471–1483
9 April 1483
Henry VIIHouse of Tudor (England)28 January 14571485–150921 April 1509Tuberculosis
James VHouse of Stuart (Scotland)10 April 15121513–154214 December 1542Died of ill health shortly after the Battle of Solway Moss
Henry VIIIHouse of Tudor (England)28 June 14911509–154728 January 1547Suffered from gout, Obesity dates from a jousting accident in 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. This prevented him from exercising and gradually became ulcerated. Also possibly suffered from syphilis and/or diabetes
Edward VIHouse of Tudor (England)12 October 15371547–15536 July 1553Tuberculosis, arsenic poisoning, or congenital syphilis?
Mary IHouse of Tudor (England)18 February 15161553–155817 November 1558Possibly ovarian cancer
PhilipHouse of Habsburg (England)21 May 15271554–155813 September 1598
Elizabeth IHouse of Tudor (England)7 September 15331558–160324 March 1603Suffered from frailty and insomnia
James VI & IHouse of Stuart19 June 15661567–162527 March 1625Suffered from senility and died of 'tertian ague', probably brought on by kidney failure and a stroke
Charles IIHouse of Stuart29 May 16301660–1685 England
1649–1651 and 1660–1685 Scotland
(1649–1685 de jure)
6 February 1685Died suddenly of uremia
James II & VIIHouse of Stuart14 October 16331685–168916 September 1701Stroke
Mary IIHouse of Stuart30 April 16621689–169428 December 1694Died of smallpox at Kensington Palace
AnneHouse of Stuart6 February 16651702–17141 August 1714Died of suppressed gout, ending in erysipelas, an abscess and fever. Her 17 ill-fated pregnancies perhaps ravaged her body.
George IHouse of Hanover28 May 16601714–172711 June 1727Stroke
George IIHouse of Hanover10 November 16831727–176025 October 1760
George IIIHouse of Hanover4 June 17381760–182029 January 1820Porphyria - a genetic disorder. Suffered bouts of mental illness from 1788 onwards.
George IVHouse of Hanover12 August 17621820–183026 June 1830Upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by the rupture of gastric varices. Suffered from cataracts, alcoholism, opioid dependence, obesity, gout, oedema, arteriosclerosis and possibly porphyria and cancer.
William IVHouse of Hanover21 August 17651830–183720 June 1837Congestive heart failure and bronchopneumonia.
VictoriaHouse of Hanover24 May 18191837–190122 January 1901Age and heart failure
Edward VIIHouse of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha9 November 18411901–19106 May 1910Bed-ridden by bronchitis, he died of a myocardial infarction
George VIHouse of Windsor14 December 18951936–19526 February 1952Suffered from lung cancer and arteriosclerosis due to heavy smoking; died of a coronary thrombosis
Edward VIIIHouse of Windsor23 June 1894193628 May 1972Throat cancer

King Edward Death Hot Poker 2017

Killed[edit]

In battle[edit]

Those that died in battle either as the antagoniser or otherwise.

NameHouseBornReignDeathNotes
Constantine IHouse of Alpin (Scotland)unknown862–877877Killed fighting the Viking army
Edward the ElderWest Saxons (England)c.874–877899–92417 July 924Died leading an army against a Cambro-Mercian rebellion at Farndon-Upon-Dee
Malcolm IHouse of Alpin (Scotland)before 900943–954954
IndulfHouse of Alpin (Scotland)954–962962Killed fighting Vikings near Cullen
Kenneth IIIHouse of Alpin (Scotland)before 967997–10051005Killed in battle at Strathearn by Malcolm II
Duncan IHouse of Alpin (Scotland)unknown1034–104015 August 1040Killed by his own men led by Mac Bethed at Pitgaveny near Elgin
MacbethHouse of Alpin (Scotland)c. 10051040–105715 August 1057Defeated and mortally wounded by Máel Coluim mac Donnchada at the Battle of Lumphanan, dying at Scone.
Harold GodwinsonWest Saxon Restoration (England)c. 1022106614 October 1066Killed at the Battle of Hastings
William I, the ConquerorThe Normans (England)c. 10281066–10879 September 1087Died at the Convent of St Gervais, near Rouen, France, from abdominal injuries received from his saddle pommel when he fell off a horse at the Siege of Mantes.
Malcolm IIIHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)1030 or 10381058–109313 November 1093Ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, near Alnwick
Richard I, the LionheartAngevins or Plantagenets (England)8 September 11571189–11996 April 1199Died during a siege of the castle of Châlus-Charbrol in Limousin, France, facing a rebellion by the Viscount of Limoges and his half-brother, the Count of Angoulême
James IIHouse of Stuart (Scotland)16 October 14301437–14603 August 1460An early-adopter of artillery, James was killed when a cannon exploded while attacking one of the last Scottish castles still held by the English after the Wars of Independence.
Richard IIIHouse of York (England)2 October 14521483–148522 August 1485Killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field
James IIIHouse of Stuart (Scotland)1451/ 14521460–148811 June 1488Killed at the Battle of Sauchieburn while fighting an army raised by disaffected nobles, former councillors, and his son, the future James IV of Scotland.
James IVHouse of Stuart (Scotland)17 March 14731488–15139 September 1513Killed at the Battle of Flodden while attacking the English

Murdered, assassinated, executed or euthanised[edit]

Those that were murdered, assassinated, executed away from the battlefield, or euthanised by their doctors.

NameHouseBornReignDeathNotes
ÁedHouse of Alpin (Scotland)unknown877–878878Killed by his successor, Giric
Edmund IWest Saxons (England)921939–94626 May 946Murdered at a party in Pucklechurch by Leofa, an exiled thief
DubHouse of Alpin (Scotland)962–966967
CuilénHouse of Alpin (Scotland)966–971971Killed in Lothian when the hall he was in was burnt to the ground
AmlaíbHouse of Alpin (Scotland)?–977977Killed by Kenneth II
St Edward the MartyrWest Saxons (England)c. 962975–97818 March 978Killed at Corfe Castle by his stepmother Ælfthryth or one of her party. Canonised as Saint Edward the Martyr in 1001.
Kenneth IIHouse of Alpin (Scotland)971–?
977–995
995
Constantine IIIHouse of Alpin (Scotland)before 971995–997997
LulachHouse of Alpin (Scotland)before 10331057–105817 March 1058Assassinated and succeeded by Malcolm III
Duncan IIHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)before 1069109412 November 1094Killed by Máel Petair of Mearns
Edward IIMonarchs of England and Ireland (England)25 April 12841307–132721 September 1327Supposedly murdered in Berkeley Castle in Gloucestershire after a metal tube (or, in some versions, a sawn-off ram's horn) and a red-hot poker were inserted into his anus. Allegedly by Sir John Maltravers of Dorset. No contemporary account survives to this effect, which is probably a later interpolation
James IHouse of Stuart (Scotland)10 December 13941406–143721 February 1437A group of Scots led by Sir Robert Graham assassinated James at the Friars Preachers Monastery in Perth. He attempted to escape his assailants through a sewer but, three days earlier, he had had the other end of the drain blocked up because of its connection to the tennis court outside.
Henry VIHouse of Lancaster (England)6 December 14211422–1461
1470–1471
21/22 May 1471Imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was murdered
JaneHouse of Tudor (England)c. September–October 1537155312 February 1554Executed (beheaded), but not for being the 9 Day Queen
Mary IHouse of Stuart (Scotland)8 December 15421542–15678 February 1587Convicted of treason against the English Crown and beheaded at Fotheringay Castle, Northamptonshire
Charles IHouse of Stuart19 November 16001625–164930 January 1649Found guilty of high treason by 59 commissioners and was beheaded
George VHouse of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
House of Windsor
3 June 18651910–193620 January 1936Drug overdose (Euthanasia lethal injection administered by his doctor)

Other[edit]

NameHouseBornReignDeathNotes
Richard IIMonarchs of England and Ireland (England)6 January 13671377–139914 February 1400Placed in Pontefract Castle, and probably murdered (or starved to death) there.
Edward VHouse of York (England)4 November 14701483c. 1483Imprisoned in the Tower of London along with his younger brother Richard, Duke of York; the date and cause of death of both Princes in the Tower remain unknown.

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Accidental death[edit]

NameHouseBornReignDeathNotes
William II, RufusThe Normans (England)c. 10561087–11002 August 1100Killed by an arrow through the heart during a hunting trip
Alexander IIIHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)4 September 12411249–128619 March 1286Fell from his horse in the dark while riding to visit the queen at Kinghorn in Fife. He had been separated from his guides and it is assumed that in the dark his horse lost its footing.
William III & IIHouse of Orange14 November 16501689–17028 March 1702Died of pneumonia, a complication from a broken collarbone resulting from a fall off his horse. He was asthmatic.

Unknown[edit]

Hot
NameHouseBornReignDeathNotes
Donald IHouse of Alpin (Scotland)unknown858–86213 April 862According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba, died 'at the palace of Cinnbelathoir', possibly near or at Scone, probably from natural causes
EochaidHouse of Alpin (Scotland)878–889
GiricHouse of Alpin (Scotland)878–889
Alfred the GreatWest Saxons (England)c. 849871–89926 October 899Married to Earlswith in 868.Father of Edward the Elder
Donald IIHouse of Alpin (Scotland)889–900According to the Chronicle of the Kings of Alba killed in battle against Vikings at Dunnottar
ÆlfweardWest Saxons (England)9242 August 924Apparently natural causes
AthelstanWest Saxons (England)c. 895924–93927 October 939Died at Gloucester, apparently natural causes
Edwy the FairWest Saxons (England)c. 941955–9591 October 959Presumed to be natural causes
Donald IIIHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)before 10401093–1094
1094–1097
1097 or afterWilliam of Malmesbury tells us that he was 'slain by the craftiness of David ... and by the strength of William [Rufus]'.[3] The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says of Domnall that he was expelled,[3] while the Annals of Tigernach have him blinded by his brother, for which we should read nephew.[4]John of Fordun, following the king-lists, writes that Domnall was 'blinded, and doomed to eternal imprisonment' by Edgar, omitting that the place of his imprisonment was said to be Rescobie, by Forfar, in Angus.[5]
MargaretHouse of Dunkeld (Scotland)early 12831286–1290September/October 1290

See also[edit]

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Notes[edit]

King Edward Death Hot Poker Games

  1. ^Duncan, p. 60
  2. ^Duncan, pp. 74–75.
  3. ^ abScottish Annals, p. 119.
  4. ^Annals of Tigernach, s.a. 1097.
  5. ^Fordun, V, xxvi; Duncan, pp. 57–58; Oram, David I, pp. 47–48.

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References[edit]

  • Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers A.D. 500–1286. D. Nutt, London, 1908.
  • Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN0-7486-1626-8
  • John of Fordun, Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, ed. William Forbes Skene, tr. Felix J.H. Skene, 2 vols. Reprinted, Llanerch Press, Lampeter, 1993. ISBN1-897853-05-X
  • McDonald, R. Andrew, Outlaws of Medieval Scotland: Challenges to the Canmore Kings, 1058–1266. Tuckwell Press, East Linton, 2003. ISBN1-86232-236-8
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